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neural development
Neural development refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the final years of life. The study of neural development aims to describe the cellular basis of brain development and to address the underlying mechanisms. The field draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems develop. Defects in neural development can lead to cognitive and motor impairment, as well as neurological disorders such as Rett syndrome, and intellectual disability.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuraltubedefects.html )〕
==Overview of brain development==
The nervous system is derived from the ectoderm—the outermost tissue layer—of the embryo. In the third week of development the neuroectoderm appears and forms the neural plate along the dorsal side of the embryo. This neural plate is the source of the majority of neurons and glial cells in the mature human. A groove forms in the neural plate and, by week four of development, the neural plate wraps in on itself to make a hollow neural tube. Because this neural tube later gives rise to the brain and spinal cord any mutations at this stage in development can lead to lethal deformities like anencephaly or lifelong disabilities like spina bifida. Later development yields areas known as the two lateral ventricles and the third ventricle. The telencephalon, which eventually encompasses the two lateral ventricles, gives rise to areas of the brain known as the Basal Ganglia and the Limbic System.〔Carlson, Neil."Physiology of Behavior"Pearson Education, Inc.,2013.p.76.〕 Gradually some of the cells stop dividing and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, which are the main cellular components of the brain. The newly generated neurons migrate to different parts of the developing brain to self-organize into different brain structures. Once the neurons have reached their regional positions, they extend axons and dendrites, which allow them to communicate with other neurons via synapses. Synaptic communication between neurons leads to the establishment of functional neural circuits that mediate sensory and motor processing, and underlie behavior. The human brain does most of its development within the first 20 years of life.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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